Can a site visitor save data without logging in?

Yes, that is perfectly possible, do it all the time. You do not need logged in users to save something like an email address. The former question was about anonymous data (not knowing who user is, so storing in local data is only option, but with great risks). But if you want to store something like email address + name, users do not have to be logged in. But … at the time they want to change something, then you have a problem.