I’ve come up with a provisional method. 
First, let’s implement the feature without using Velo. Go to the Wix Forms editing screen. You probably already have the “Email Address” input element placed, so we’ll use that (if it’s not placed, please do so). Next, set up the “Rules.” On the left side of the form editing screen, there should be an option called “Conditional Rules” (or something similar), so select that. Click “Add Rule” to go to the rule editing screen. You should see options for “Condition” and “Action,” so let’s edit those.
In your case, select “Email Address” as the condition setting. Then, for that “Email Address,” choose “contains” (since I’m using the Japanese version, I’m not sure if this phrase is exactly the same).
Since the “@” symbol has a special meaning in this forum post, it cannot be used. From now on, I will refer to it as [AT], but please replace it appropriately when completing the form settings. ↓↓↓
Enter the value “[AT]gmail.com.” This completes the first condition.
Next, click “Add Condition” and set up a similar condition. Essentially, you should create versions for “[AT]yahoo.co.jp” and “[AT]outlook.com” using the same steps. This will give you three conditions. Make sure these conditions are connected with “OR” (not “AND”). Did you confirm that?
Finally, let’s set the “Action.” For the action setting, choose “Submit,” and set the action to “Hide.” This completes all the settings. Save the form, and preview the page on your site to check if it works. If the submit button disappears when entering “[AT]gmail.com,” “[AT]yahoo.co.jp,” or “[AT]outlook.com,” then it’s successful!

P.S.
I will think about how to display error messages using Velo later. 