Images inside repeater connected to dataset are not loading in the mobile version

Question:
Could this be related to Wix Gallery? Does anyone have this same issue and have found a solution?

Product:
Wix Studio

What are you trying to achieve:
I’m building a website for my portfolio in Wix Studio and having a problem with the images in the homepage. They are connected to a dataset via a repeater and had worked fine until recently, when I added a gallery to a different page of the website (which is a dynamic page, also retreived from the dataset).
This issue is only happening in the mobile version of the website, where I can only see the containers instead of the images.

What have you already tried:
I’ve checked on different browsers and devices and the issue appears to be only on the mobile version.
I verified that the dataset is properly connected to the images in the repeater and tried reconnecting and switching files with lower resolution.
I created a new dataset from scratch and rewired the connections.
I double-checked in the preview mode inside Wix Studio and it shows correctly there.

Additional information:
The screenshot on the left is from the preview in Wix and the other two show the issue in the mobile version (chrome / safari).